cassava revolution

OlehEdhi SandraPemilik Chief Esha Flora Conservation Unit Plant Tissue Culture Section, Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Agricultural University Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology PPLH Bogor Kepala IPB Bogor
PendahuluanKita know the lyrics of the song: "Sticks timber so the plant .." This illustrates just how lush and support conditions in Indonesia for berbudidaya. Wooden sticks (cassava stem cuttings) planted only then can grow by itself. Conventional cultivation techniques is still mostly done by Indonesian farmers. Progress in cassava cultivation techniques originally just doing tillage and fertilization. At least that's been done by the farmers in general in Indonesia. Even in cultivation often conflated between harvest the leaves as a salad or vegetable to be made with wood harvested tubers. In such conditions the productivity is highly dependent on soil conditions and fertility as well as climatic and environmental conditions of cultivation. At first solving the problem based on environmental constraints, such as limited water and nutrient conditions the growth of stems and leaves that grow are limited to one and two rods, as well as a potential root tuber with limited timber so the roots are not too much that can be focused on the allocation of food some existing timber bulbs. In this condition, the strategy is successful berbudidaya with existing environmental constraints. So the limiting environmental conditions in wooden tuber productivity. The more days the understanding and knowledge of plant physiology, biological and environmental processes are more intelligent then humans modify the environment in order to support better plant growth. This will be discussed in this paper so that the productivity of cassava which can range initially only 20-40 tonnes / hectare, it is starting a lot to do with the productivity of cassava cultivation of 60-100 tons / hectare. Even recently there were claims that they are capable of producing 600-800 tonnes / hectare.
In this paper I just want to elaborate on that when all the factors that can improve plant growth as well as a variety of treatments that can improve the productivity done, the results would be amazing. I will attempt to describe in terms of plant physiology and treatments that can improve the growth and productivity of cassava produced.
 Basic Principles
Again we have to base the theory that the end result (Productivity) depends on Plant Genetics, environmental conditions and cultivation management.

            Productivity = Genetic + Environmental + Management




Cassava Genetics
There are several varieties of cassava that has been known by many farmers as a good cassava varieties namely: Hidayah Darrul cassava, cassava Manggu Super, Kasesat cassava (cassava varieties from Thailand) etc.. Besides, to increase productivity, it can also do the connection, which combines the positive properties of two different varieties: for example the above combine cassava varieties as rootstocks (because the tuber which is consumed) and 'scion' connected with the top of the rubber cassava. Merging these two varieties of cassava can affect the growth and productivity of cassava produces. Besides, it can also be done through the crossing of superior varieties flower pollination, and some are doing that is by doing breeding polyploid (double the chromosomes) resulting in a giant varieties.
 Environment
Some environmental modifiers that affect the growth and productivity are:
Sunlight should be full from morning till evening do not let anyone stop him.
The availability of water is sufficient as long as needed in plant growth, but in halini not flooded or waterlogged.
Yangbaik soil conditions in terms of physical (pourositas, hold the power of water, soft and stable) good physical condition will produce: the availability of adequate oxygen, water availability is adequate, convenient physical conditions for plant growth, stable place to plant establishment.
Soil conditions in terms of both chemical (nutrient availability is complete and sufficient, the availability of organic materials are complete and sufficient.
The combination of humidity and wind were very helpful fitting transpiration process so as to produce photosynthesis process well.
Management
1. Development Seed
Both varieties are derived from the cassava cuttings Preferably materials used are cassava stem cuttings from a good variety or varieties that are sudahdimuliakan.
Optimal diameter Cuttings
Good seed is a seed that comes from the cassava stem cuttings yangukuran diameter has reached the optimal size of its variety, but try not age too young or adult. Cassava stem cuttings derived from cassava stems that are too old will affect root growth tends to be stunted and slow growth
Long Stem Cuttings
The length of stem cuttings will affect the availability of food reserves yangtersedia in the stem cuttings. Existing food reserves will be used as the initial energy that will be used by the stem cuttings to grow roots and leaves until the cuttings can be independent, able to absorb nutrients from the soil itself and can perform photosynthesis properly. In addition to the benefit of good food reserves must be sufficient so long cuttings to root and leaf growth, for example, the number of growing points (buds) for perakarandicadangkan 5-10 thatto buds and shoots or leaves are also 5 buds also the required number of buds for the cuttings is 10 buds
Conditions Pieces Cuttings
Cuttings should be cut with a knife / chainsaw very sharp so that the surface of the pieces did not experience the destruction of cells in inviting inveksi very dangerous disease, and slow healing of wounds. Should position the pieces so that the surface area of ​​the wound as little as possible. Cutting is done in a clean area, good air circulation and sunny weather conditions so that the wound dries quickly, it is very important that the cuttings are not infected with the disease. Whenever possible it is better also if the wound surface smeared with fungicide powder (the powder directly) this will help speed up the drying of the wound while closing the wound of entry opportunities disease.
Cuttings Handling
Often when dealing stekan seeds in very large quantities so often workarounds become careless and do not care, either at the time or binding gather so many parts of the stem cuttings blisters and sores, it can also lead to the introduction of disease. Cuttings accumulate in large amounts, causing the cuttings to less oxygen and humidity get too high resulting in the growth of fungi and bacteria unwanted
2. Immersion Stem Cuttings
Stem cuttings containing food reserves, stem cuttings also have a growing point / buds but is still dormant. Stem cuttings just happen to have a bit of a hormone found in the stem cuttings, while necessary for growth hormone. Existing energy reserves of food available, but the hormone was not adequate because of this, we need to provide external intake of hormones necessary for growth.
In this case the necessary hormones to grow roots, shoots and leaves and cultivated rapid growth. For that theoretically we should give root hormone (a group of hormones such as auxin hormone IAA, or NAA IBAatau) and to regenerate shoots and leaves (needs to be given hormone group cytokinins such as BAP, kinetin, TDZ). And to accelerate growth hormone can be given to cell division improved its the hormone gibberellin. In its application can be given separately, for example the bottom soaked with hormones to stimulate the growth of roots and shoots with buds hormone. And everything that is sprayed gibberellin growth of roots and shoots faster.
Can also be done by combining the three hormone composition for example: composition of roots and shoots hormones balanced and coupled with the hormone gibberellin (40 auxin: cytokinin 40: gibberellin 20). Should be used pro hormones analysts so we can make a comparison with the more accurate, and the concentration of auxin can be made is 20 mg / l, cytokines 20 mg / l and gibberellin 10 mg / l. And in halini setekan entirely soaked, so the solution can be meresapkedalam hormones such cuttings, it will make a backup of hormones in stekmenjadi more and adequate to support the growth of roots and shoots. Once soaked in a solution of these hormones then planted cuttings.
 Land Preparation
The principle is how much crop we want, and jumlahtersebut need space in the extent of the land, then that's an area we need to cultivate the ground for the growth of cassava can be optimized. If it turns out the cassava plant growing media needs space measuring one meter to one meter laterally down and then covering it anyway we must cultivate the media cropping, made so loose, good aeration, water holding high power, and organic and mineral optimally met. The availability of water in the planting medium memadaitapi also does not make the growing medium becomes muddy or "ngembeng / stagnant" is very important. Water is a crucial factor in productivity. The existence of organic matter is very helpful in improving the water holding ability. You can also mix with the media that have a high water holding such cocopit, mos or a synthetic material such as vermiculite, etc.. The existence of adequate water continuously determine the productivity, it is in accordance with the process of photosynthesis:
         
                                                            Matahari6CO2 ray + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 à ----------------------------- Chlorophyll from picture above shows that the availability of water is very important, so Similarly, the CO2 assisted sunlight and chlorophyll. So these factors: water, carbon dioxide, sunlight and chlorophyll (leaf green grains) should we optimize. We provide a more optimal these factors will be more optimal productivity generated.
Photosynthesis results for what?
In photosynthesis shown that metabolism produces oxygen, sugars (carbohydrates) and energy. This result is then used to pay for all metabolic processes and growth of cassava plants. Cassava plants will start saving hasilfotosintesisnya when all operating costs terbiayai growth already, so if there is residual, then the rest will be saved in the root of the food reserve storage berperansebagai "yam" (cassava). Cassava plants will be able to save a lot when optimal production factors, metabolism and growth of operating costs low, then the rest will be more and save.
Often operating costs metabolism and growth are not efficient or misdirected (according to the viewpoint of human / planter), for example, the energy used to finance the organ or cell or tissue that is not productive but asked for his energy ration such cells, leaves terdapatdibagian example is below canopy that did not receive the light, it can not photosynthesize but still need the energy for respiration / live. Part diseased tissue would require energy to defend itself from infection, so a lot of energy used up in vain (from the point of matamanusia).
In modifying or answer the problem we then endeavored to find an alternative that does not reduce productivity. For example, so that unused energy wasted in the bottom of the leaf canopy removed, on one hand it is true but on the other hand reduces the amount of actual production because the leaves contain chlorophyll which is very important in the process of photosynthesis. So if the "kitchen" for cooking reduced the amount of food will also be reduced. Therefore, the alternative solutions to problems instead of reducing the number of leaves, but how do I get the light to reach the leaves at the bottom of the canopy, in any way such as providing a reflector so that light can bounce off the bottom so that the light can be on the lower leaf. This will increase the number of leaves can photosynthesize. Or easy is relaxes the beam spacing in order to get into the bottom leaf. Conditions friable planting medium, not hard and dense growth will make it easier, it will make efficient energy needed to grow the potatoes, so that the amount of stored food reserves that would be much more.
Similarly, if growth is faster (by giving the hormone can accelerate the division and enlargement of cells), the operation will be saving time and ultimately saves energy. Regulation of growth hormone by the roots so that more and larger leaves and large green then it would be more streamline operational costs and optimize the amount of energy and food reserves that can be saved. Organic Materials And Ready-made food
In the process of photosynthesis is seen that it takes only water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose ataukarbohidrat (and oxygen) aided by sunlight and chlorophyll. Then the question why manure, compost and other growing media? All are necessary for the growth and development of the cassava plant. Growing cassava plant development requires various kinds of raw materials are very diverse.

Cassava Plant Growth
Plant growth can actually be simplified into 3 activity at the cellular level, namely splitting, enlarged and thickened (quantitative). Significant increase in the number of cells require materials to form the cell, including cell organelles (Rev. .. sorry ya more complicated language ...). The point of growth need to grow a variety of substances ranging from nutrients to the organic matter and the complex organic basis. The process of manufacture of basic organic raw material inorganic in soil alone takes time and energy, not to mention if these nutrients are not present in the media. And from basic to complex organic organic also takes time, energy danzat-specific substances as well. When the need for that much stuttering and not optimal then growth will not be optimal.
Provision of ready-made organic materials (organic materials that have been described to the lowest level) that can be directly used by plants is of great help plants grow cassava. That is why the manufacture of organic materials that have been described (many people termed fermented, but not all are fermented).
Similarly, if we are able to provide a source of energy that is ready-made, for example in this case glucose or simple sugar that plants can directly use or even be directly converted and stored when excess.
Provision of all the needs required by the plant substance is very necessary, place the planting soil media often do not have the required completeness substances, so shall we add the necessary substance that is readily available is the lowest organic matter.
Providing adequate food is not as great plate but more on the food supply more complete and nutritious note. Supply of nutritious food is what should we sedikan in growing media where we plant cassava.

The Growing Role of Technology
In this case directed to the growth of aquaculture technology becoming efficient and effective and optimal productivity. The technology in this case are related to the modification and creativity in directing all growth factors into the optimal direction. For it is necessary in practice setting conditions and factors influencing growth, all created and directed at optimal growth.
In the control of plant growth that does not lead to unwanted growth and we can further optimize the growth we want in order to generate high productivity, this can be done at accelerating the growth of the roots and leaves of the cassava plant the seeds faster and exist independently on When the seedlings. (Use of hormones auxin and cytokinin)
Accelerating growth in the number of leaves of cassava plants so tall "kitchen" to produce great food. In this case can be given appropriate food for vegetative growth (in the form of the nutrient is an element N (nitrogen). This nutrient is needed to form cell organelles such as the nucleus of the cell, amino acids etc.. (Hormone cytokinin and organic ingredients & amp; NPK)
Changing the allocation of the flow of food from the vegetative to the direction of filling up the food into the potato. For this we need to shift the allocation of food aid to the dominance of certain hormones that reduced vegetative growth and serving up food to the potato filling ditinggikanPemberian inhibitors and hormone auxin (hormone for enlargement and increased tuber) dapatmembantu accelerate and enlarge the capacity of the capacity of potatoes so that potatoes can grow large and more.

Reducing Barriers Physiological Seed Cuttings
The growth of shoots and roots of cassava stem cuttings growing point causes the flow of nutrients and food was not as good when the surf and roots and stem are from seed, grows in harmony from the root, stem leaves. This is important in the food supply of the root or otherwise storing food reserves from the leaves to the tubers. And aged cells cuttings material used will be very old (for ages cells and tissues) that are not optimal in supporting the growth of new shoots and roots. No matter how good root growth and leaves it at the time of passing the stem cuttings of old it will be blocked, it would be better if the new shoots have roots stems directly from the new trunk, this will make the flow of foodstuffs and food reserves will be smoother. And the number that can be used as yam roots run much deeper. That is why the time has been growing a few stem cuttings of new growth and already high, then the rods that have been grown, covering, again with lush planting medium until a few buds from the stems that grow terurug growing media. Growing point of the stem of the growing media terurug given root hormone so that new roots grow long many, this may increase the number of tubers produced.

Allocating Results Photosynthesis Charging Towards Cassava Tubers
At the time of canopy or leaf number is enough to produce a lot of food, then the growth of the vegetative canopy should be stopped or inhibited, and the allocation of food largely directed at filling and enlargement of cassava tubers. For it can be done trimming cassava leaf and smeared with flour or gel that has been given growth retardants (Packlobutrazol dose of 500 mg / l). And to direct food towards the roots then spray with root hormone and charging or organ enlargement. Can be used combined hormone IBA 2 mg / l, NAA 2 mg / l and 2.4 D 2 mg / l, GA32 mg / l. Besides hormones, it can be added KNO 3 as much as 2 g / l. This herb is given hormones or sprayed onto the roots, spraying is done at intervals of about 3 times a week. The process of inhibition of vegetative canopy should be the end of the cassava plant growth (until harvest), should be no more than 3-4 months.
Similarly description apologize if this post is less clear .. Hopefully useful .. Thanks ...